Chapter 18 - Cheat Sheet 5-8
Submitted July 12, 2004 Updated November 16, 2004 Status Incomplete | These are short lessons based off the Quenya Elvish (LotR) course on Ardalambion.com. Rather than 40 pages a chapter, I got them down to 4. I don't have all lessons like this yet. All material belongs to Tolkien and was compiled by that site.
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Chapter 18 - Cheat Sheet 5-8
Chapter 18 - Cheat Sheet 5-8
Rules:[/b]
The Future Tense[/b]:add ‘-uva’ to the end of the verb. A-stems drop.Plurals in ‘-r’
The Aorist Tense[/b]:(continuing action or natural truth) A-stems receive no end. Forprimary verbs, the ending ‘-i-’ is added but is changed to ‘-e’ if no ending is to beadded.
The Perfect Tense[/b]:Add the stem vowel to the beginning of the verb. Extend the stem vowel. Add theending ‘-ië.’ A-stems drop. Mat becomes amátië[/b].
Infinitive[/b]: A-stemsstay the same as root. Primary verbs add an ‘-ë’ to the end. (not plural) When taking Object pronouns, the ending changesto ‘-ita.’
Negative Verb: [/b] not to do, not to be
umin (aorist 1st person) – I am not/do not
úmë (past tense) - was not/ did not
umir (plural aorist) - are not/ did not
úmer (plural past) – were not/ did not
úva (future) – will not be / will not do
úma (present tense) is not/does not
úvar (future plural) –will not be/will not do
umar (present plural) are not /does not
Pronouns[/b]: 1stperson[/b] = ‘-n(yë)’ 2nd[/b]= ‘l(yë)’ 3rd[/b] = ‘ntë’ (they) ‘-t’ (them) ‘-s’ (it)
Active Participle: [/b]Lengthenstem vowel, add ‘-la.’ (not plural)
Passive Participle[/b]:Extend stem-vowel, add ‘-na’if it’s not illegal. Add ‘-ina’ if it ends in a, c,p, or t
Adverbs[/b]: add ‘-vë.’ E endings become ‘-ivë.’
Intransitive verbs[/b]in –ya: in the past tense, the ‘ya’drops
Vocabulary[/b]:
enquë"six"
ilya,noun/adjective "all, every"
rimba,adjective "numerous", here used for "many"
Atan"Man" (Mortal Man)
ohtar"warrior"
rá(ráv-)"lion"
Ambar"the world"
hrávë"flesh"
macil"sword"
fir-,verb "die, expire"
tur-, verb "govern, control,wield"
or,preposition "over, above"
otso"seven"
seldo"boy"
mól"thrall, slave"
an"for" ("since, because")
tul- verb "come"
lanta- verb "fall"
nurta- verb "hide"
lerya- verb "release, (set) free,let go"
metya- verb "end" = "putan end to"
roita- verb "pursue"
laita- verb "bless, praise"
imbëpreposition "between"
tolto[/b] "eight"
pol[/b]- "to be(physically) able to", normally translated "can"
um[/b]-negative verb "not to do" or "not to be", past tense úmë, future tense úva
mer[/b]- "to wish,want"
hlar[/b]- "to hear"
verya[/b]- "to dare"
lelya[/b]- "to go, proceed,travel", past tense lendë, perfect [e]lendië
pusta[/b]- "to stop"
ruhta[/b]- "to terrify, toscare
coa[/b] "house" (building only)
mir[/b] preposition "into"
ter[/b] preposition "through" (also terë)
nertë"nine"
núra"deep"
anwa"real, actual, true"
nulda"secret"
telda"final"
linta"swift"
nórë"land" (a land associated witha particular people)
lambë"tongue = language" (not bodypart)
car- "to make, todo"
farya- "to suffice, to be enough", pa.t.farnë (NOT **faryanë)
vepreposition "as, like"
The Future Tense[/b]:add ‘-uva’ to the end of the verb. A-stems drop.Plurals in ‘-r’
The Aorist Tense[/b]:(continuing action or natural truth) A-stems receive no end. Forprimary verbs, the ending ‘-i-’ is added but is changed to ‘-e’ if no ending is to beadded.
The Perfect Tense[/b]:Add the stem vowel to the beginning of the verb. Extend the stem vowel. Add theending ‘-ië.’ A-stems drop. Mat becomes amátië[/b].
Infinitive[/b]: A-stemsstay the same as root. Primary verbs add an ‘-ë’ to the end. (not plural) When taking Object pronouns, the ending changesto ‘-ita.’
Negative Verb: [/b] not to do, not to be
umin (aorist 1st person) – I am not/do not
úmë (past tense) - was not/ did not
umir (plural aorist) - are not/ did not
úmer (plural past) – were not/ did not
úva (future) – will not be / will not do
úma (present tense) is not/does not
úvar (future plural) –will not be/will not do
umar (present plural) are not /does not
Pronouns[/b]: 1stperson[/b] = ‘-n(yë)’ 2nd[/b]= ‘l(yë)’ 3rd[/b] = ‘ntë’ (they) ‘-t’ (them) ‘-s’ (it)
Active Participle: [/b]Lengthenstem vowel, add ‘-la.’ (not plural)
Passive Participle[/b]:Extend stem-vowel, add ‘-na’if it’s not illegal. Add ‘-ina’ if it ends in a, c,p, or t
Adverbs[/b]: add ‘-vë.’ E endings become ‘-ivë.’
Intransitive verbs[/b]in –ya: in the past tense, the ‘ya’drops
Vocabulary[/b]:
enquë"six"
ilya,noun/adjective "all, every"
rimba,adjective "numerous", here used for "many"
Atan"Man" (Mortal Man)
ohtar"warrior"
rá(ráv-)"lion"
Ambar"the world"
hrávë"flesh"
macil"sword"
fir-,verb "die, expire"
tur-, verb "govern, control,wield"
or,preposition "over, above"
otso"seven"
seldo"boy"
mól"thrall, slave"
an"for" ("since, because")
tul- verb "come"
lanta- verb "fall"
nurta- verb "hide"
lerya- verb "release, (set) free,let go"
metya- verb "end" = "putan end to"
roita- verb "pursue"
laita- verb "bless, praise"
imbëpreposition "between"
tolto[/b] "eight"
pol[/b]- "to be(physically) able to", normally translated "can"
um[/b]-negative verb "not to do" or "not to be", past tense úmë, future tense úva
mer[/b]- "to wish,want"
hlar[/b]- "to hear"
verya[/b]- "to dare"
lelya[/b]- "to go, proceed,travel", past tense lendë, perfect [e]lendië
pusta[/b]- "to stop"
ruhta[/b]- "to terrify, toscare
coa[/b] "house" (building only)
mir[/b] preposition "into"
ter[/b] preposition "through" (also terë)
nertë"nine"
núra"deep"
anwa"real, actual, true"
nulda"secret"
telda"final"
linta"swift"
nórë"land" (a land associated witha particular people)
lambë"tongue = language" (not bodypart)
car- "to make, todo"
farya- "to suffice, to be enough", pa.t.farnë (NOT **faryanë)
vepreposition "as, like"
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